1 00:00:00,160 --> 00:00:13,299 [Music] 2 00:00:19,700 --> 00:00:17,300 so incidentally I'm not only closing the 3 00:00:21,710 --> 00:00:19,710 symposium I'm closing a session that 4 00:00:24,620 --> 00:00:21,720 features two of former George Cody 5 00:00:28,519 --> 00:00:24,630 postdocs George Cody is a Carnegie 6 00:00:30,529 --> 00:00:28,529 Institute of in Washington oh actually 7 00:00:35,450 --> 00:00:30,539 and there is another one of his postdoc 8 00:00:39,530 --> 00:00:35,460 hi Jim so I arrived at LC exactly a year 9 00:00:42,160 --> 00:00:39,540 ago I I arrived just before the previous 10 00:00:45,110 --> 00:00:42,170 symposium last year's symposium and 11 00:00:47,029 --> 00:00:45,120 around that time we started to get our 12 00:00:47,840 --> 00:00:47,039 band together Mesa chemistry been 13 00:00:50,119 --> 00:00:47,850 together 14 00:00:53,330 --> 00:00:50,129 NARAS iscandar if you're here thank you 15 00:00:56,600 --> 00:00:53,340 for that image so today I'm gonna be 16 00:00:59,479 --> 00:00:56,610 presenting the work that is done by all 17 00:01:01,580 --> 00:00:59,489 these wonderful members of the band and 18 00:01:04,789 --> 00:01:01,590 this is not complete band this is just 19 00:01:06,380 --> 00:01:04,799 the work I'm going to talk about so what 20 00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:06,390 do we mean when we talk about messy 21 00:01:11,240 --> 00:01:08,490 chemistry first of all I am a chemist 22 00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:11,250 myself so the way I was taught to 23 00:01:17,300 --> 00:01:14,460 approach chemistry is to take reagent 24 00:01:19,130 --> 00:01:17,310 grade material ideally the ones that 25 00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:19,140 just arrived from sigma-aldrich and 26 00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:20,850 hasn't been sitting on the shelf for a 27 00:01:26,899 --> 00:01:24,450 long long time mix them in the specific 28 00:01:30,550 --> 00:01:26,909 way and just try to maximize your 29 00:01:34,550 --> 00:01:30,560 transform in in a very particular way to 30 00:01:39,260 --> 00:01:34,560 another set of compounds when we're 31 00:01:41,690 --> 00:01:39,270 talking about origin of life though we 32 00:01:45,319 --> 00:01:41,700 usually think not about single reaction 33 00:01:51,109 --> 00:01:45,329 but things like HCN polymers which are 34 00:01:53,300 --> 00:01:51,119 completely Messick complex systems 35 00:01:55,910 --> 00:01:53,310 polymeric systems we're of course 36 00:01:58,850 --> 00:01:55,920 thinking about Miller Urey experiment so 37 00:02:01,999 --> 00:01:58,860 in addition to a few amino acids it's a 38 00:02:05,209 --> 00:02:02,009 very very complex mixture of monomeric 39 00:02:08,270 --> 00:02:05,219 and polymeric materials we might be 40 00:02:11,740 --> 00:02:08,280 thinking about stalin's of Titan so some 41 00:02:13,570 --> 00:02:11,750 believe that this brownish color of the 42 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:13,580 picture that was taken by Cassini 43 00:02:20,650 --> 00:02:18,290 Huygens Lander is due to complex 44 00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:20,660 polymeric matter or alternatively you 45 00:02:27,340 --> 00:02:23,210 can be thinking about insoluble organic 46 00:02:32,020 --> 00:02:27,350 matter that just yoga told us about when 47 00:02:34,900 --> 00:02:32,030 we think about our life we think about 48 00:02:37,480 --> 00:02:34,910 all of those metabolic pathways and when 49 00:02:39,910 --> 00:02:37,490 we talk about life like processes we're 50 00:02:43,990 --> 00:02:39,920 probably talking not about a single 51 00:02:46,300 --> 00:02:44,000 reaction but some subset of this network 52 00:02:48,940 --> 00:02:46,310 so this system of course very different 53 00:02:52,920 --> 00:02:48,950 from those this is a system is under 54 00:02:54,850 --> 00:02:52,930 very tight control performed by enzymes 55 00:02:57,699 --> 00:02:54,860 so what is messy 56 00:03:01,020 --> 00:02:57,709 well this is a famous quote from Steve 57 00:03:02,199 --> 00:03:01,030 Benner he it's one of his origin of life 58 00:03:06,460 --> 00:03:02,209 paradoxes 59 00:03:08,530 --> 00:03:06,470 he seems to think when molecules given 60 00:03:11,740 --> 00:03:08,540 energy and left to their own devices 61 00:03:14,740 --> 00:03:11,750 they devolve into something that is 62 00:03:17,020 --> 00:03:14,750 better suited to pave roads but not to 63 00:03:19,030 --> 00:03:17,030 start the origin of life with all due 64 00:03:22,720 --> 00:03:19,040 respect to Steve venner and I truly 65 00:03:25,570 --> 00:03:22,730 honestly mean it we disagree here so 66 00:03:27,820 --> 00:03:25,580 what is messy we're of course taking 67 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:27,830 cues from systems chemistry and there 68 00:03:31,920 --> 00:03:29,330 are a couple of wonderful talk on the 69 00:03:36,490 --> 00:03:31,930 subject giving earlier in the symposium 70 00:03:40,150 --> 00:03:36,500 but systems chemistry per se can often 71 00:03:41,979 --> 00:03:40,160 mean very defined very small network so 72 00:03:44,080 --> 00:03:41,989 what we're doing here we're taking this 73 00:03:48,009 --> 00:03:44,090 system's chemistry to the next level 74 00:03:51,460 --> 00:03:48,019 we're talking about chemistry of complex 75 00:03:53,710 --> 00:03:51,470 interacting components which are under 76 00:03:56,470 --> 00:03:53,720 very limited control the system are not 77 00:03:59,140 --> 00:03:56,480 necessarily unstructured it just the 78 00:04:02,020 --> 00:03:59,150 structure of them is not apparent and in 79 00:04:04,810 --> 00:04:02,030 our mind from the origin of life is the 80 00:04:08,140 --> 00:04:04,820 transition from these messy chemistry's 81 00:04:11,110 --> 00:04:08,150 to well orchestrated biological system 82 00:04:14,819 --> 00:04:11,120 so what we do at LC we treat the messy 83 00:04:18,940 --> 00:04:14,829 chemistry network as a single entity and 84 00:04:22,600 --> 00:04:18,950 using computer and experimental modeling 85 00:04:25,390 --> 00:04:22,610 we try to decipher the structure of this 86 00:04:29,260 --> 00:04:25,400 entity and we also poke at it to 87 00:04:33,189 --> 00:04:29,270 figure out if there are any emergent 88 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:33,199 phenomena to be found so first I want to 89 00:04:38,080 --> 00:04:36,050 talk about tangible messy chemistry 90 00:04:41,230 --> 00:04:38,090 something like HCN polymers are 91 00:04:44,469 --> 00:04:41,240 notoriously difficult to analyze and as 92 00:04:49,659 --> 00:04:44,479 Martha Grover eloquently explained 93 00:04:51,580 --> 00:04:49,669 already esterification reaction is is a 94 00:04:57,249 --> 00:04:51,590 reaction between carboxylic acid and 95 00:04:59,650 --> 00:04:57,259 alcohol this this bond is somewhat 96 00:05:04,689 --> 00:04:59,660 reminiscent of a peptide bond but it's 97 00:05:08,110 --> 00:05:04,699 easier to form or gal in 2003 somewhat 98 00:05:13,930 --> 00:05:08,120 reluctantly proposed that peptides can 99 00:05:15,909 --> 00:05:13,940 be potential ancestors so a polyesters 100 00:05:20,020 --> 00:05:15,919 can be potential ancestors to peptide 101 00:05:23,129 --> 00:05:20,030 and alpha hydroxy acid that is alcohol 102 00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:23,139 analogs of amino acid are shown to be 103 00:05:29,800 --> 00:05:27,410 polymerized by ribosome and there is of 104 00:05:32,710 --> 00:05:29,810 course renewed interest in the context 105 00:05:35,350 --> 00:05:32,720 of origin of life with some beautiful 106 00:05:37,659 --> 00:05:35,360 work well if I say so myself coming out 107 00:05:43,060 --> 00:05:37,669 of Center of chemical evolution in 108 00:05:46,750 --> 00:05:43,070 Georgia Tech so what we did here we 109 00:05:50,710 --> 00:05:46,760 messed up the beautiful clean system 110 00:05:54,159 --> 00:05:50,720 that Marta showed us earlier so and this 111 00:05:57,969 --> 00:05:54,169 work was led by Jim Cleves and COO Hahn 112 00:06:01,240 --> 00:05:57,979 Chandru so what they did they took five 113 00:06:04,029 --> 00:06:01,250 different alpha hydroxy acids they 114 00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:04,039 subjected them to wet/dry cycles and 115 00:06:09,610 --> 00:06:07,490 they got a whole bunch of products and 116 00:06:13,870 --> 00:06:09,620 in you're thinking about it if you take 117 00:06:17,260 --> 00:06:13,880 this mixture of five and you assume they 118 00:06:20,350 --> 00:06:17,270 only gonna make twenty mer even in that 119 00:06:24,129 --> 00:06:20,360 case you end up to the five to the 20s 120 00:06:26,879 --> 00:06:24,139 unique sequences and the idea here was 121 00:06:29,589 --> 00:06:26,889 here we are going to have a diversity 122 00:06:31,779 --> 00:06:29,599 generating synthesis that will create 123 00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:31,789 functional polymer that we can draw from 124 00:06:37,940 --> 00:06:36,650 upon need so so far it's been tough to 125 00:06:41,680 --> 00:06:37,950 analyze this 126 00:06:45,410 --> 00:06:41,690 and what hunga son and nick did they 127 00:06:48,740 --> 00:06:45,420 were able to decipher something 128 00:06:53,150 --> 00:06:48,750 something like 43,000 unique sequences 129 00:06:56,450 --> 00:06:53,160 in my spectral so the next question is 130 00:06:59,750 --> 00:06:56,460 can Massey polymers be functional and 131 00:07:02,810 --> 00:06:59,760 the answer is yes in principle and here 132 00:07:05,660 --> 00:07:02,820 is one old example coming from Sydney 133 00:07:07,880 --> 00:07:05,670 Fox so what he did back in the sixties 134 00:07:11,060 --> 00:07:07,890 he took a mixtures of amino acid he 135 00:07:12,950 --> 00:07:11,070 treated them and he ended up with like 136 00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:12,960 those interesting looking structures 137 00:07:20,660 --> 00:07:14,970 that he looked that he called 138 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:20,670 microspheres so there are very well 139 00:07:25,430 --> 00:07:23,610 mixed feeling about this work so the 140 00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:25,440 good about this work he actually in a 141 00:07:29,780 --> 00:07:27,870 few different cases have been able to 142 00:07:33,140 --> 00:07:29,790 show that these microspheres are 143 00:07:36,350 --> 00:07:33,150 catalytic the bad about this work is 144 00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:36,360 that catalytic activity is usually small 145 00:07:41,750 --> 00:07:38,730 especially when compared to grandiose 146 00:07:44,720 --> 00:07:41,760 claims he made and he never even tried 147 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:44,730 to provide any mechanistic explanation 148 00:07:52,370 --> 00:07:48,890 to why these microspheres could be 149 00:07:55,010 --> 00:07:52,380 catalytic and so the ugly about his work 150 00:07:57,790 --> 00:07:55,020 is he had some very unsubstantiated 151 00:08:01,250 --> 00:07:57,800 claim for example of non-random 152 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:01,260 incorporation of amino acid did nothing 153 00:08:08,150 --> 00:08:03,450 to that effect he claimed that he was 154 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:08,160 making linear peptides and it's actually 155 00:08:13,490 --> 00:08:11,130 probably not true because this 156 00:08:17,030 --> 00:08:13,500 polymerization and microsphere formation 157 00:08:20,240 --> 00:08:17,040 only seems to be working when a glutamic 158 00:08:22,730 --> 00:08:20,250 acid was added in excess so what 159 00:08:25,970 --> 00:08:22,740 glutamic acid has two acid group that 160 00:08:29,150 --> 00:08:25,980 both can participate in peptide bond and 161 00:08:32,870 --> 00:08:29,160 provide branching points and most 162 00:08:36,020 --> 00:08:32,880 outrageously toward the end of Fox's 163 00:08:40,010 --> 00:08:36,030 Korea he claimed that his microspheres 164 00:08:42,500 --> 00:08:40,020 are lifelike and even conscious well and 165 00:08:45,710 --> 00:08:42,510 then throughout this symposium everybody 166 00:08:48,050 --> 00:08:45,720 found paper tube ash and unfortunately 167 00:08:49,940 --> 00:08:48,060 I'm bashing here somebody who's been 168 00:08:51,170 --> 00:08:49,950 dead for 20 years I don't feel 169 00:08:57,950 --> 00:08:51,180 particularly great 170 00:09:00,079 --> 00:08:57,960 about what a fox did in his time so he 171 00:09:02,990 --> 00:09:00,089 organized a number of conferences and 172 00:09:06,769 --> 00:09:03,000 origins of life and this is I'm talking 173 00:09:10,730 --> 00:09:06,779 about one in 1965 and at that conference 174 00:09:13,850 --> 00:09:10,740 it had a talk by a biophysicist from 175 00:09:17,650 --> 00:09:13,860 Stanford martsin blue ah and he gave a 176 00:09:22,310 --> 00:09:17,660 very interesting talk talking about 177 00:09:24,670 --> 00:09:22,320 thermal or prebiotic melanin so what he 178 00:09:27,860 --> 00:09:24,680 did he took histidine he treated it got 179 00:09:31,460 --> 00:09:27,870 black tarry polymer if you would expect 180 00:09:33,530 --> 00:09:31,470 he realized that his polymer is not like 181 00:09:36,650 --> 00:09:33,540 biological melanin which is more 182 00:09:39,079 --> 00:09:36,660 structured but quite messy but he saw it 183 00:09:41,030 --> 00:09:39,089 as the opportunity he said well maybe 184 00:09:44,360 --> 00:09:41,040 it's a good thing maybe we can have a 185 00:09:46,220 --> 00:09:44,370 lot of different catalytic sites that 186 00:09:49,900 --> 00:09:46,230 are stereospecific that can bide 187 00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:49,910 substrate substract substrates and 188 00:09:56,720 --> 00:09:53,610 catalyze reactions specifically so bla 189 00:09:59,510 --> 00:09:56,730 never I continued his research so he 190 00:10:02,660 --> 00:09:59,520 made a career in melanoma research and 191 00:10:07,070 --> 00:10:02,670 bioinformatics so that's the only place 192 00:10:11,230 --> 00:10:07,080 where his opinions appear so can we 193 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:11,240 actually be big build proto enzymes and 194 00:10:16,579 --> 00:10:14,010 we probably can but we need to approach 195 00:10:20,750 --> 00:10:16,589 this more systematically so what is an 196 00:10:22,340 --> 00:10:20,760 enzyme enzyme is a molecule that has a 197 00:10:24,470 --> 00:10:22,350 catalytic site that actually 198 00:10:29,960 --> 00:10:24,480 participates in catalysis and it's 199 00:10:32,690 --> 00:10:29,970 usually scaffolded by RNA or peptide 200 00:10:36,850 --> 00:10:32,700 scaffold and the function of the 201 00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:36,860 scaffold is to specifically bind 202 00:10:43,490 --> 00:10:40,440 orientate substrates and not only that 203 00:10:46,280 --> 00:10:43,500 but provide environments that are 204 00:10:49,040 --> 00:10:46,290 different from surrounding water that 205 00:10:51,860 --> 00:10:49,050 might promote the reaction so in 206 00:10:54,670 --> 00:10:51,870 synthetic chemistry world this function 207 00:10:58,280 --> 00:10:54,680 of enzyme was quite successfully 208 00:11:00,910 --> 00:10:58,290 approximated by so-called and resins so 209 00:11:03,980 --> 00:11:00,920 dentro science-based are based on 210 00:11:05,030 --> 00:11:03,990 dendrimers dendrimers are that this 211 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:05,040 fractal moly 212 00:11:08,600 --> 00:11:07,050 kills regular ones of the way you 213 00:11:12,110 --> 00:11:08,610 synthesize them is you have your 214 00:11:15,050 --> 00:11:12,120 catalytic site in the middle and you add 215 00:11:17,540 --> 00:11:15,060 upon it generations of branch polymers 216 00:11:21,050 --> 00:11:17,550 and of course this molecule is very 217 00:11:23,809 --> 00:11:21,060 engineered so you can change the 218 00:11:27,819 --> 00:11:23,819 chemistry of which layer of each 219 00:11:30,319 --> 00:11:27,829 generation here to get very specific 220 00:11:32,870 --> 00:11:30,329 reactivity that's not something we're 221 00:11:36,110 --> 00:11:32,880 looking for when we I'm talking about 222 00:11:39,139 --> 00:11:36,120 prebiotic chemistry however cousins of 223 00:11:42,910 --> 00:11:39,149 those genders dendrimers called hyper 224 00:11:45,620 --> 00:11:42,920 branch polymers retain a lot of their 225 00:11:49,370 --> 00:11:45,630 properties of course in less control way 226 00:11:52,720 --> 00:11:49,380 and often they can be synthesized in one 227 00:11:57,740 --> 00:11:52,730 pot synthesis and maybe some prebiotic 228 00:12:00,819 --> 00:11:57,750 conditions so what I try to do here is 229 00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:00,829 actually have an efficient essay of 230 00:12:07,189 --> 00:12:04,170 catalytic enzyme like activity of hyper 231 00:12:10,189 --> 00:12:07,199 branch polyesters polymers in this case 232 00:12:12,980 --> 00:12:10,199 so I chose reaction and it's camp 233 00:12:16,309 --> 00:12:12,990 elimination and I hope you don't run 234 00:12:20,030 --> 00:12:16,319 away when I say this is a reaction based 235 00:12:22,519 --> 00:12:20,040 catalyzed oxidative ring opening of 236 00:12:25,670 --> 00:12:22,529 Benzi Aqsa so this reaction of no 237 00:12:28,189 --> 00:12:25,680 particular interest to pre biotic 238 00:12:32,120 --> 00:12:28,199 chemistry what it is is a reaction very 239 00:12:35,090 --> 00:12:32,130 sensitive to medium environment so it 240 00:12:38,889 --> 00:12:35,100 precedes quite sluggishly in water but 241 00:12:43,250 --> 00:12:38,899 it's proceeded quite fast in less polar 242 00:12:48,559 --> 00:12:43,260 solvents so my thinking was here if we 243 00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:48,569 build catalysts that can provide micro 244 00:12:53,059 --> 00:12:50,610 environment that are more hydrophobic 245 00:12:57,319 --> 00:12:53,069 let's say water and I wanted to run this 246 00:13:01,160 --> 00:12:57,329 reaction in water can I actually make 247 00:13:05,150 --> 00:13:01,170 this reaction go faster so I started 248 00:13:07,819 --> 00:13:05,160 building a proto enzyme so i synthesized 249 00:13:11,230 --> 00:13:07,829 hyper branch polyesters here so I use 250 00:13:15,930 --> 00:13:11,240 citric acid which is multifunctional 251 00:13:18,750 --> 00:13:15,940 carboxylic acid glycerol 252 00:13:20,940 --> 00:13:18,760 pardon I threw in triathlon all I mean 253 00:13:24,120 --> 00:13:20,950 it's a base catalyzed reaction for the 254 00:13:27,810 --> 00:13:24,130 active site I was able to prepare this 255 00:13:32,640 --> 00:13:27,820 polymer quite easily so citric acid is 256 00:13:34,830 --> 00:13:32,650 quite polar so I also had system made 257 00:13:38,250 --> 00:13:34,840 with adipic acid and methyl succeeding 258 00:13:40,550 --> 00:13:38,260 and this have hydrophobic moieties for 259 00:13:44,250 --> 00:13:40,560 compared so and this is one example of 260 00:13:47,030 --> 00:13:44,260 adipic acid so this is my spectrum and 261 00:13:50,220 --> 00:13:47,040 as you can see here it is quite messy 262 00:13:53,940 --> 00:13:50,230 there's a lot of different compounds in 263 00:13:56,430 --> 00:13:53,950 that mixture of polymers but what I can 264 00:13:59,910 --> 00:13:56,440 tell you they're all quite short so 265 00:14:06,120 --> 00:13:59,920 we're talking at maximum 7 MERS and 8 266 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:06,130 MERS and here are some results so when 267 00:14:13,080 --> 00:14:10,930 you use monomeric Triathlon limine well 268 00:14:16,680 --> 00:14:13,090 this is the rate of the reaction in red 269 00:14:19,710 --> 00:14:16,690 when you use citric acid polymer the 270 00:14:24,270 --> 00:14:19,720 reaction proceeded somewhat more fast 271 00:14:28,880 --> 00:14:24,280 and actually there is like factor of 3 272 00:14:33,150 --> 00:14:28,890 increase when you switch to metal 6 Inuk 273 00:14:36,120 --> 00:14:33,160 acid polymer so what can we learn from 274 00:14:38,190 --> 00:14:36,130 here short branched oligomers can be 275 00:14:40,590 --> 00:14:38,200 efficient catalyst and of course 276 00:14:43,560 --> 00:14:40,600 efficient here I want to take with the 277 00:14:46,140 --> 00:14:43,570 grain of salt because factor of 3 is 278 00:14:50,940 --> 00:14:46,150 nothing compared to what enzymes can do 279 00:14:55,110 --> 00:14:50,950 but a few things to remember enzymes are 280 00:14:58,950 --> 00:14:55,120 hundreds of amino acids long this guys 281 00:15:03,510 --> 00:14:58,960 here are only seven and eight nurse I 282 00:15:05,220 --> 00:15:03,520 know for a fact I have polymers in the 283 00:15:08,010 --> 00:15:05,230 mixture there they don't have active 284 00:15:10,380 --> 00:15:08,020 side at all and some of the active sites 285 00:15:13,140 --> 00:15:10,390 might be decorating the periphery of the 286 00:15:17,550 --> 00:15:13,150 molecules and not the inside where you 287 00:15:19,260 --> 00:15:17,560 want them so a lot of biochemists are 288 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:19,270 more comfortable when we're talking 289 00:15:26,190 --> 00:15:23,170 about peptide based catalyst so we 290 00:15:27,920 --> 00:15:26,200 probably can do that too and we can do 291 00:15:30,890 --> 00:15:27,930 it 292 00:15:33,560 --> 00:15:30,900 through Depp see peptides something that 293 00:15:37,730 --> 00:15:33,570 Martha described earlier this in the 294 00:15:40,210 --> 00:15:37,740 symposium we can try some sort of the 295 00:15:42,650 --> 00:15:40,220 direct synthesis of branched peptides 296 00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:42,660 let's say we take lysine and 297 00:15:48,320 --> 00:15:45,810 incidentally branched license are quite 298 00:15:53,150 --> 00:15:48,330 well documented in different context in 299 00:15:57,290 --> 00:15:53,160 the literature so in this next work 300 00:16:01,250 --> 00:15:57,300 direct synthesis of peptides was done by 301 00:16:03,850 --> 00:16:01,260 Musashi here reaching and kahan so what 302 00:16:07,010 --> 00:16:03,860 they did they did took a variant of 303 00:16:10,670 --> 00:16:07,020 Fox's synthesis so they went and 304 00:16:13,310 --> 00:16:10,680 scorched a solution of glycine for very 305 00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:13,320 short periods of time so you see you can 306 00:16:19,490 --> 00:16:16,490 see the formation of dark tarry material 307 00:16:22,130 --> 00:16:19,500 so then what they did is actually 308 00:16:25,579 --> 00:16:22,140 analyzed yields and length of those 309 00:16:29,269 --> 00:16:25,589 peptides so what they're finding that 310 00:16:31,040 --> 00:16:29,279 you can make some short peptides when 311 00:16:34,040 --> 00:16:31,050 you're doing it that way that that would 312 00:16:37,579 --> 00:16:34,050 form in like first twenty seconds and 313 00:16:40,640 --> 00:16:37,589 then they tend to degrade into this dark 314 00:16:44,990 --> 00:16:40,650 polymer so is there a way to somewhat 315 00:16:48,740 --> 00:16:45,000 bias this reaction so we can only get 316 00:16:52,340 --> 00:16:48,750 peptides and they decided it is 317 00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:52,350 conceivable that this can be done well 318 00:16:57,199 --> 00:16:54,810 with periodic heating and cooling of 319 00:17:00,110 --> 00:16:57,209 this solution and this is incidentally a 320 00:17:03,429 --> 00:17:00,120 regime that is known in natural hot 321 00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:03,439 springs geysers with intermittent boils 322 00:17:09,980 --> 00:17:06,720 so they built these beautiful apparatus 323 00:17:13,640 --> 00:17:09,990 so this apparatus can deliver flashes of 324 00:17:19,490 --> 00:17:13,650 heat and it can be immersed in ice water 325 00:17:32,890 --> 00:17:19,500 for quick cooling and here is another 326 00:17:39,500 --> 00:17:35,000 well sorry about that but you could 327 00:17:41,270 --> 00:17:39,510 enjoy those intermittent boils here well 328 00:17:45,770 --> 00:17:41,280 and that just took actually a lot of 329 00:17:48,890 --> 00:17:45,780 work the guys tinkered a lot with the 330 00:17:51,590 --> 00:17:48,900 type of heating block with the 331 00:17:55,490 --> 00:17:51,600 concentration of glycine in this case 332 00:17:58,760 --> 00:17:55,500 with the pH and like heating and cooling 333 00:18:00,919 --> 00:17:58,770 durations and actually after a while 334 00:18:02,930 --> 00:18:00,929 well they came up with optimal regimes 335 00:18:05,539 --> 00:18:02,940 they seems to be forming at least 336 00:18:08,120 --> 00:18:05,549 something and when they analyzed they 337 00:18:10,190 --> 00:18:08,130 got a non-negligible concentration of 338 00:18:14,510 --> 00:18:10,200 shorter peptides of course but that 339 00:18:17,419 --> 00:18:14,520 might be okay for our purposes so they 340 00:18:20,090 --> 00:18:17,429 went further and scorched low tech at 341 00:18:23,539 --> 00:18:20,100 this point a few different amino acid 342 00:18:25,310 --> 00:18:23,549 and what seems to be happening those 343 00:18:28,280 --> 00:18:25,320 different amino acids seems to be 344 00:18:29,060 --> 00:18:28,290 responding differently to heat and what 345 00:18:31,850 --> 00:18:29,070 I mean by it 346 00:18:33,890 --> 00:18:31,860 they there seems to be different profile 347 00:18:38,390 --> 00:18:33,900 of formation and degradation as a 348 00:18:42,370 --> 00:18:38,400 function of time and temperature and 349 00:18:49,669 --> 00:18:42,380 this result at this moment are simulated 350 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:49,679 but what Gohan reaching and Musashi 351 00:18:57,830 --> 00:18:53,610 trying to to do is to find out whether 352 00:19:00,140 --> 00:18:57,840 if we had some more creative heating 353 00:19:03,020 --> 00:19:00,150 schedules and we applied them to 354 00:19:06,049 --> 00:19:03,030 mixtures of amino acid can we actually 355 00:19:10,070 --> 00:19:06,059 control or somewhat control the sequence 356 00:19:13,610 --> 00:19:10,080 of peptide formation so incidentally 357 00:19:20,120 --> 00:19:13,620 we're working on understanding better 358 00:19:22,880 --> 00:19:20,130 Fox's work and so right now I would like 359 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:22,890 to switch gears a little bit and talk 360 00:19:28,850 --> 00:19:26,490 about projects in artificial chemistry 361 00:19:32,960 --> 00:19:28,860 is that part of the messy chemistry a 362 00:19:36,799 --> 00:19:32,970 group have been working with and so this 363 00:19:41,060 --> 00:19:36,809 is a very simple system so what you have 364 00:19:43,460 --> 00:19:41,070 here is the solution with large number 365 00:19:47,169 --> 00:19:43,470 of different 366 00:19:49,880 --> 00:19:47,179 and so this solution undergoes 367 00:19:54,919 --> 00:19:49,890 evaporative cycles but not to a complete 368 00:19:58,610 --> 00:19:54,929 dryness and the precipitation of part of 369 00:20:01,909 --> 00:19:58,620 the components of this mixture are 370 00:20:05,230 --> 00:20:01,919 driven only by intermolecular 371 00:20:08,169 --> 00:20:05,240 interaction there just we only get Coco 372 00:20:11,210 --> 00:20:08,179 precipitation and at this point 373 00:20:13,940 --> 00:20:11,220 supernatant is containing something that 374 00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:13,950 hasn't been precipitated is discarded 375 00:20:20,149 --> 00:20:17,970 and fresh solution is added and so what 376 00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:20,159 you do you go leather rings repeat 377 00:20:27,980 --> 00:20:23,610 letterings repeat until you achieve 378 00:20:30,970 --> 00:20:27,990 steady-state so that is somewhat 379 00:20:34,130 --> 00:20:30,980 building built in into the model itself 380 00:20:38,149 --> 00:20:34,140 model is more specific at low 381 00:20:41,270 --> 00:20:38,159 temperature and less specific at high 382 00:20:44,270 --> 00:20:41,280 temperature so what's happening here and 383 00:20:48,620 --> 00:20:44,280 you at the state steady state and some 384 00:20:52,460 --> 00:20:48,630 given state in red is your system 385 00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:52,470 remains messy and if you go when you go 386 00:20:59,830 --> 00:20:55,770 further at low temperature system 387 00:21:03,590 --> 00:20:59,840 becomes sparse which is interesting and 388 00:21:06,289 --> 00:21:03,600 even more interesting here they decided 389 00:21:08,930 --> 00:21:06,299 to test whether this system responds to 390 00:21:13,430 --> 00:21:08,940 any sort of perturbation any sort of 391 00:21:17,210 --> 00:21:13,440 change in the environment so what they 392 00:21:22,690 --> 00:21:17,220 did here is to to arbitrary environment 393 00:21:27,680 --> 00:21:22,700 and in the few steps they linearly 394 00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:27,690 varied the parameter space of this of 395 00:21:32,720 --> 00:21:29,970 this state trying to blend one state 396 00:21:36,110 --> 00:21:32,730 into another and what they did here they 397 00:21:38,450 --> 00:21:36,120 try to follow concentration of certain 398 00:21:41,390 --> 00:21:38,460 components and what we're finding here 399 00:21:44,810 --> 00:21:41,400 that next it's some case in certain 400 00:21:47,180 --> 00:21:44,820 components dominate once or one 401 00:21:49,880 --> 00:21:47,190 condition and certain other dominate 402 00:21:53,090 --> 00:21:49,890 another so it are trying to say we can 403 00:21:56,370 --> 00:21:53,100 have this example of very idealized but 404 00:21:59,420 --> 00:21:56,380 nevertheless adaptable 405 00:22:08,210 --> 00:21:59,430 a system that can undergo rudimentary 406 00:22:10,860 --> 00:22:08,220 evolution so what I'm hoping this our 407 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:10,870 complex system group will do soon is 408 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:13,810 with few tweaks to that model will help 409 00:22:21,630 --> 00:22:16,450 me understand actually my own results 410 00:22:25,350 --> 00:22:21,640 this is my first experiment with hyper 411 00:22:27,960 --> 00:22:25,360 branch polyesters so what I did in in 412 00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:27,970 this experiment I synthesized citric 413 00:22:32,850 --> 00:22:30,370 acid and glycerol polymer and took me 414 00:22:36,120 --> 00:22:32,860 some trial and error to figure out that 415 00:22:38,250 --> 00:22:36,130 I want to do it with one part citric 416 00:22:41,010 --> 00:22:38,260 acid two part glycerol because when you 417 00:22:43,320 --> 00:22:41,020 do it one to one you get cross-linked 418 00:22:48,390 --> 00:22:43,330 polymer leather rather than hyper branch 419 00:22:51,870 --> 00:22:48,400 one and here I was and I also what I 420 00:22:55,500 --> 00:22:51,880 wanted to do is to see if the devil and 421 00:22:58,830 --> 00:22:55,510 carry-ons any salts have any influence 422 00:23:01,680 --> 00:22:58,840 on the polymers I'm getting so what's 423 00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:01,690 happened here i synthesized this polymer 424 00:23:07,500 --> 00:23:05,650 under drying in neat and when I analyzed 425 00:23:10,950 --> 00:23:07,510 it by my specs of what you would expect 426 00:23:15,030 --> 00:23:10,960 what would happen is you get a lot of 427 00:23:16,530 --> 00:23:15,040 glycerol rich species let's follow the 428 00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:16,540 stoichiometry of the starting material 429 00:23:23,730 --> 00:23:19,510 and interestingly enough when I added 430 00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:23,740 calcium chloride while the system became 431 00:23:32,510 --> 00:23:28,330 more spores and there some of the peaks 432 00:23:37,410 --> 00:23:32,520 are given rise to species that are the 433 00:23:39,450 --> 00:23:37,420 citric acid rich glycerol poor and what 434 00:23:41,520 --> 00:23:39,460 I tried to in trying to understand here 435 00:23:46,890 --> 00:23:41,530 so what I'm thinking happening here is 436 00:23:50,370 --> 00:23:46,900 that citric acid kill aids my calcium 437 00:23:54,330 --> 00:23:50,380 over here and in any given time some of 438 00:23:56,430 --> 00:23:54,340 the acid of the citric acid are blocked 439 00:23:58,920 --> 00:23:56,440 toward these certifications so 440 00:24:05,280 --> 00:23:58,930 ultimately you need more to include more 441 00:24:07,230 --> 00:24:05,290 of citric acid to get epona and actually 442 00:24:09,529 --> 00:24:07,240 I've been very good so I am just I'm not 443 00:24:12,619 --> 00:24:09,539 standing between 444 00:24:15,919 --> 00:24:12,629 you guys in your beer so I want to 445 00:24:17,810 --> 00:24:15,929 conclude so we just to remind you we're 446 00:24:20,529 --> 00:24:17,820 thinking origin of life is the 447 00:24:23,779 --> 00:24:20,539 transition between messy chemistry and 448 00:24:27,469 --> 00:24:23,789 or well-orchestrated biochemical 449 00:24:30,139 --> 00:24:27,479 networks so messy chemistry can give 450 00:24:32,570 --> 00:24:30,149 rise to a number of adaptable and 451 00:24:35,599 --> 00:24:32,580 possibly a vulnerable system accessible 452 00:24:37,940 --> 00:24:35,609 through experiment or computationally 453 00:24:41,239 --> 00:24:37,950 and one last thing 454 00:24:43,369 --> 00:24:41,249 Terry materials might be a nightmare for 455 00:24:45,889 --> 00:24:43,379 synthetic and analytical chemists but 456 00:24:48,379 --> 00:24:45,899 they actually might be very important in 457 00:24:50,330 --> 00:24:48,389 our search for origin of life and just 458 00:24:54,560 --> 00:24:50,340 what I want to mention this work has 459 00:24:56,719 --> 00:24:54,570 been funded by WPI by Yann biker Ken he 460 00:24:59,509 --> 00:24:56,729 and my work with George Cody has been 461 00:25:03,010 --> 00:24:59,519 funded by Salmons foundation thank you 462 00:25:20,570 --> 00:25:07,119 [Applause] 463 00:25:22,789 --> 00:25:20,580 all right do you have any questions sir 464 00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:22,799 so food photo in Ian evolution 465 00:25:25,700 --> 00:25:24,090 particular for the win and selection you 466 00:25:28,310 --> 00:25:25,710 need some sort of inherits in some way 467 00:25:30,139 --> 00:25:28,320 of getting a somewhat reliable 468 00:25:33,950 --> 00:25:30,149 inheritance have you had any thoughts 469 00:25:42,399 --> 00:25:33,960 about this well Nathaniel certainly did 470 00:25:44,779 --> 00:25:42,409 if he can get a microphone also yes so 471 00:25:46,389 --> 00:25:44,789 traditionally in evolutionary biology we 472 00:25:48,769 --> 00:25:46,399 think of evolution as requiring 473 00:25:52,159 --> 00:25:48,779 reproduction with her table variability 474 00:25:53,989 --> 00:25:52,169 and selection the point here is that the 475 00:25:55,339 --> 00:25:53,999 first to pretty seem to be pretty hard 476 00:25:57,440 --> 00:25:55,349 to achieve in chemistry but the third 477 00:26:02,659 --> 00:25:57,450 one is really easy right I mean if you 478 00:26:04,820 --> 00:26:02,669 just have so for example in that in that 479 00:26:07,159 --> 00:26:04,830 last model there is no there's no 480 00:26:08,960 --> 00:26:07,169 reproduction but what you're doing is 481 00:26:11,119 --> 00:26:08,970 you're starting with a bunch of a mess a 482 00:26:12,499 --> 00:26:11,129 bunch of random things and in the end 483 00:26:14,869 --> 00:26:12,509 you're selecting the ones that are able 484 00:26:16,580 --> 00:26:14,879 to interact with the interact with each 485 00:26:20,620 --> 00:26:16,590 other in the right way to to become 486 00:26:26,380 --> 00:26:24,820 so the the the so that's the kind of 487 00:26:29,380 --> 00:26:26,390 that's the key point there and then the 488 00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:29,390 and then the idea is that if selection 489 00:26:33,220 --> 00:26:31,250 can get you from a mess to a to a 490 00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:33,230 functional spar system that had 491 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:34,970 selection itself can or it can be a help 492 00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:37,010 in getting you towards the types of 493 00:26:41,080 --> 00:26:38,210 systems where you're able to have 494 00:26:43,740 --> 00:26:41,090 replication and and heredity so we 495 00:26:45,970 --> 00:26:43,750 haven't done that yet but that's the 496 00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:45,980 that's the that's where we're going with 497 00:26:58,780 --> 00:26:56,090 it okay I have one you mention about 498 00:26:59,920 --> 00:26:58,790 Sydney Fox work which the bad you show 499 00:27:02,500 --> 00:26:59,930 that he didn't show any kind of 500 00:27:04,660 --> 00:27:02,510 mechanism how important is mechanism on 501 00:27:06,460 --> 00:27:04,670 a messy system because from my 502 00:27:08,020 --> 00:27:06,470 understanding a mechanism is when you do 503 00:27:09,940 --> 00:27:08,030 clean chemistry you can figure out the 504 00:27:13,480 --> 00:27:09,950 mechanism in various technique in a 505 00:27:15,790 --> 00:27:13,490 messy system how can one do it well and 506 00:27:18,220 --> 00:27:15,800 just if it's like mechanism like we're 507 00:27:20,560 --> 00:27:18,230 studying in organic chemistry books or 508 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:20,570 it's not but you need there need to be a 509 00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:22,730 reason you need to show that this is not 510 00:27:28,450 --> 00:27:25,010 a fluke right there's need to be some 511 00:27:29,770 --> 00:27:28,460 chemical reasoning right synthetic Oh 512 00:27:31,660 --> 00:27:29,780 for your messy chemistry for messy 513 00:27:33,430 --> 00:27:31,670 chemistry right I mean as a chemist I 514 00:27:35,590 --> 00:27:33,440 want to see a reason I want to see that 515 00:27:37,300 --> 00:27:35,600 oh it's not random it's not just a fluke 516 00:27:38,980 --> 00:27:37,310 I want to understand what's happening 517 00:27:41,620 --> 00:27:38,990 there and I don't want like very 518 00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:41,630 specific mechanism or no shifting 519 00:27:47,260 --> 00:27:44,330 electrons here and there I just kind of 520 00:27:50,320 --> 00:27:47,270 a set of plausible steps that can lead 521 00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:50,330 you from A to B but again what you want 522 00:27:56,370 --> 00:27:52,250 and what you get is two different things 523 00:28:06,120 --> 00:27:56,380 right so no that's true that's true 524 00:28:13,930 --> 00:28:09,850 thanks for the first formal yokozuna 525 00:28:16,300 --> 00:28:13,940 sure and I was hoping you could talk a 526 00:28:18,780 --> 00:28:16,310 little bit more about the impact of the 527 00:28:21,250 --> 00:28:18,790 the calcium ions in your polymerization 528 00:28:25,660 --> 00:28:21,260 and more broadly I started to wonder 529 00:28:27,370 --> 00:28:25,670 about different cation sizes so for 530 00:28:29,830 --> 00:28:27,380 example if you had a transition metal in 531 00:28:31,310 --> 00:28:29,840 there or something with a different 532 00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:31,320 ionic radius with 533 00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:33,330 sort of effects my you start expecting 534 00:28:38,360 --> 00:28:36,210 to see so yeah this work published and 535 00:28:40,190 --> 00:28:38,370 actually in this worker had series of 536 00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:40,200 different divalent cations and 537 00:28:45,740 --> 00:28:43,050 transition there doesn't seem to be a 538 00:28:47,900 --> 00:28:45,750 difference this as a result in every 539 00:28:50,960 --> 00:28:47,910 case in this particular system are the 540 00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:50,970 same but you know this is the start this 541 00:29:04,790 --> 00:28:53,490 is somewhat messy and it just needs a 542 00:29:06,830 --> 00:29:04,800 closer to loop do you foresee structure 543 00:29:10,130 --> 00:29:06,840 coming out of this anything similar to 544 00:29:13,070 --> 00:29:10,140 peptides or is it all just pure chemical 545 00:29:14,570 --> 00:29:13,080 systems that you're creating here from 546 00:29:16,490 --> 00:29:14,580 the messy chemist from the Mesa 547 00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:16,500 chemistry let's say structure when I 548 00:29:23,210 --> 00:29:20,730 talked about hyper branch polymers right 549 00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:23,220 and so here I'm talking about yeah well 550 00:29:30,050 --> 00:29:26,510 we know that most enzymes are globular 551 00:29:32,240 --> 00:29:30,060 this system are also globular so I mean 552 00:29:35,300 --> 00:29:32,250 there should be some generality to 553 00:29:39,170 --> 00:29:35,310 structure in that sense sense right not 554 00:29:41,360 --> 00:29:39,180 necessarily in Mexican Singh and folding 555 00:29:45,620 --> 00:29:41,370 but it's just kind of this general shape 556 00:29:47,630 --> 00:29:45,630 can be similar in that sense I think but 557 00:29:49,880 --> 00:29:47,640 you know that's just some steps how you 558 00:29:52,160 --> 00:29:49,890 get from like this general shapes 559 00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:52,170 there's a you know shapes as they're 560 00:29:55,820 --> 00:29:54,210 expressed in current biology that's a 561 00:30:00,130 --> 00:29:55,830 different question I don't have an 562 00:30:03,170 --> 00:30:00,140 answer yet okay would you expect like a 563 00:30:05,240 --> 00:30:03,180 consistent morphology to come out of it 564 00:30:07,490 --> 00:30:05,250 consistent shapes like beta sheets or 565 00:30:16,670 --> 00:30:07,500 HeLa C's or something that could be 566 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:16,680 universal between your messy system just 567 00:30:21,980 --> 00:30:20,010 that's a very good question no I don't 568 00:30:23,510 --> 00:30:21,990 see it don't predict those that just 569 00:30:26,510 --> 00:30:23,520 says that there's I'm gonna be some 570 00:30:28,190 --> 00:30:26,520 general similarity maybe within those 571 00:30:30,020 --> 00:30:28,200 structure that they would learn to 572 00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:30,030 support something like beta sheet and 573 00:30:37,850 --> 00:30:32,490 alpha helixes maybe through Dipsy 574 00:30:39,550 --> 00:30:37,860 peptide backbones but you know it's how 575 00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:39,560 should I put it 576 00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:42,570 alpha heel is a beta sheets are so 577 00:30:48,230 --> 00:30:44,610 unique seem to be so unique 578 00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:48,240 two linear peptides it's gonna be in a 579 00:31:03,740 --> 00:30:50,490 in a large sense it's going to be hard 580 00:31:06,169 --> 00:31:03,750 to replicate thank you thank you this is 581 00:31:09,380 --> 00:31:06,179 more of a comment as I thought that was 582 00:31:11,330 --> 00:31:09,390 fantastic and what I'm wondering is 583 00:31:13,220 --> 00:31:11,340 whether you're really with the origin of 584 00:31:14,240 --> 00:31:13,230 life talking about not just messy 585 00:31:17,390 --> 00:31:14,250 chemistry but I've come to the 586 00:31:19,549 --> 00:31:17,400 conclusion it's a sloppy ecosystem and 587 00:31:21,560 --> 00:31:19,559 that any attempt to have an origin of 588 00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:21,570 life based on some neat little single 589 00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:23,730 molecule is going to fail that it was it 590 00:31:27,919 --> 00:31:26,130 was some kind of messy ecosystem and 591 00:31:30,460 --> 00:31:27,929 life has always been sloppy and always 592 00:31:33,710 --> 00:31:30,470 complex and that's the nature of life 593 00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:33,720 thank you it seems to be necessary surge 594 00:31:39,470 --> 00:31:36,770 by biology these days it's quite messy 595 00:31:43,990 --> 00:31:39,480 am i right Shawn and he's a resident 596 00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:44,000 biology just to follow up on that one 597 00:31:49,520 --> 00:31:46,530 how do you see the steps coming on so 598 00:31:52,850 --> 00:31:49,530 for example when does a membrane come up 599 00:31:54,620 --> 00:31:52,860 how when does Hera did you come so which 600 00:31:56,330 --> 00:31:54,630 other steps if you've had any thoughts 601 00:31:58,789 --> 00:31:56,340 about this I have any thoughts about 602 00:32:01,460 --> 00:31:58,799 that so actually this system so it's I 603 00:32:04,010 --> 00:32:01,470 don't have a scenario here so here 604 00:32:07,549 --> 00:32:04,020 thinking about for example proto enzymes 605 00:32:09,500 --> 00:32:07,559 only yeah it's hard I mean actually I 606 00:32:11,360 --> 00:32:09,510 have to think at some point I'll have to 607 00:32:14,510 --> 00:32:11,370 think at some point would come first at 608 00:32:15,980 --> 00:32:14,520 this point I don't know and then you 609 00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:15,990 have to get from the messy one to a 610 00:32:24,650 --> 00:32:21,570 cleaner one just you need some better 611 00:32:26,890 --> 00:32:24,660 control better catalysts better enzymes 612 00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:26,900 so when membrane comes in to 613 00:32:31,580 --> 00:32:28,530 compartmentalization and the whether 614 00:32:33,350 --> 00:32:31,590 it's important to clean up messy 615 00:32:35,780 --> 00:32:33,360 chemistry maybe it is because the key 616 00:32:38,630 --> 00:32:35,790 here you can have a diffusion through a 617 00:32:41,060 --> 00:32:38,640 membrane right yeah that it just that's 618 00:32:44,060 --> 00:32:41,070 not membrane is exactly one way to clean 619 00:32:46,039 --> 00:32:44,070 up the mess yeah so everywhere we don't 620 00:32:48,950 --> 00:32:46,049 have a particular scenario every in each 621 00:32:56,649 --> 00:32:48,960 case every and each selective pressure 622 00:33:02,419 --> 00:32:58,969 well thank you so much for the talk so 623 00:33:06,109 --> 00:33:02,429 um I'm kind of envisioning a transition 624 00:33:08,029 --> 00:33:06,119 from the messy chemistry to like a world 625 00:33:11,539 --> 00:33:08,039 where the translation system is started 626 00:33:13,909 --> 00:33:11,549 to like emerge so I think the talk by 627 00:33:15,859 --> 00:33:13,919 Lauren Williams was like one of the 628 00:33:18,439 --> 00:33:15,869 functions of the ribosome is to actually 629 00:33:20,359 --> 00:33:18,449 make a linear polymer compared to the 630 00:33:22,639 --> 00:33:20,369 East Branch in Homer so if there's these 631 00:33:24,229 --> 00:33:22,649 like backup system running behind to 632 00:33:27,709 --> 00:33:24,239 actually do all the metabolic Network 633 00:33:31,639 --> 00:33:27,719 and you start to have these emerging 634 00:33:35,259 --> 00:33:31,649 ribosome will there be inhibit 635 00:33:38,629 --> 00:33:35,269 inhibitory effect from these messy 636 00:33:41,449 --> 00:33:38,639 branched polymers against those rising 637 00:33:43,249 --> 00:33:41,459 you know ribosome what it does it 638 00:33:46,399 --> 00:33:43,259 actually support or would it kind of 639 00:33:49,609 --> 00:33:46,409 block the interaction between the co 640 00:33:51,769 --> 00:33:49,619 symbiont of peptide and RNA sorry it 641 00:33:54,019 --> 00:33:51,779 might be a little no no just I don't 642 00:33:57,109 --> 00:33:54,029 know I don't have an answer it's hard to 643 00:33:59,089 --> 00:33:57,119 do it hard to envision oh the mechanism 644 00:34:01,249 --> 00:33:59,099 at this moment so what I'm understanding 645 00:34:04,639 --> 00:34:01,259 we had this conversation with Chris 646 00:34:08,240 --> 00:34:04,649 Adame once so the the reason that might 647 00:34:10,789 --> 00:34:08,250 be life chose linear polymers those are 648 00:34:13,749 --> 00:34:10,799 easier to encode for easier to replicate 649 00:34:17,419 --> 00:34:13,759 and now just we talked about branch 650 00:34:20,149 --> 00:34:17,429 polymers in that he didn't see any way 651 00:34:21,950 --> 00:34:20,159 of you know in that way it got to be 652 00:34:26,529 --> 00:34:21,960 some sort of photography how you would 653 00:34:28,999 --> 00:34:26,539 photograph a structure so in that sense 654 00:34:31,309 --> 00:34:29,009 these things actually might be 655 00:34:34,039 --> 00:34:31,319 inhibiting but you know what are the 656 00:34:36,649 --> 00:34:34,049 exact mechanisms or number of mechanisms 657 00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:36,659 I don't know yet I guess we can do some 658 00:34:41,809 --> 00:34:38,970 experiment for example mixing these the 659 00:34:43,460 --> 00:34:41,819 branch polymer would for example their 660 00:34:45,919 --> 00:34:43,470 RNA strands and peptides and like 661 00:34:47,809 --> 00:34:45,929 everything together and and and see 662 00:34:50,240 --> 00:34:47,819 actually you know how these interact you 663 00:34:57,560 --> 00:34:50,250 know these kind of selection we will 664 00:35:05,450 --> 00:35:02,780 I have a question again messy chemistry 665 00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:05,460 systems chemistry systems biology why 666 00:35:14,180 --> 00:35:09,450 the woods changing all the time oh yeah 667 00:35:17,060 --> 00:35:14,190 that's how sure I said so systems 668 00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:17,070 chemistry system biology means so many 669 00:35:23,690 --> 00:35:19,170 things to me so many different people 670 00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:23,700 and we wanted a different term and so 671 00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:25,770 some of you know as you talk to them 672 00:35:31,340 --> 00:35:27,450 that don't really like the word messy 673 00:35:35,180 --> 00:35:31,350 it's it's really not precise but any one 674 00:35:37,610 --> 00:35:35,190 of like prebiotic chemistry with Missy 675 00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:37,620 system with prebiotic chemistry you know 676 00:35:42,410 --> 00:35:39,090 they know they understand what 677 00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:42,420 qualitatively messy means right away 678 00:35:48,890 --> 00:35:44,610 so I think that was my thinking when we 679 00:35:50,930 --> 00:35:48,900 decided to call our chemistry messy do 680 00:35:53,900 --> 00:35:50,940 you have any last questions this is the 681 00:35:54,710 --> 00:35:53,910 last talk of the day and inviting 682 00:36:03,740 --> 00:35:54,720 questions 683 00:36:06,290 --> 00:36:03,750 jimp lives nice talk I wanted to ask 684 00:36:08,660 --> 00:36:06,300 your opinion so earlier in the week we 685 00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:08,670 heard this this kind of notion that life 686 00:36:13,130 --> 00:36:11,310 built itself up from simplicity into 687 00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:13,140 complexity and this seems like 688 00:36:23,020 --> 00:36:16,410 completely the opposite notion is there 689 00:36:31,940 --> 00:36:25,550 well it just all depends how I defined 690 00:36:34,160 --> 00:36:31,950 simplicity and no complexity I think so 691 00:36:35,660 --> 00:36:34,170 in what sense i I just you know if 692 00:36:37,370 --> 00:36:35,670 you're just talking about chemistry 693 00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:37,380 I can't envision like very clean 694 00:36:42,290 --> 00:36:40,110 chemistry happening without enzymes on 695 00:36:46,130 --> 00:36:42,300 the other hands you know what I only 696 00:36:47,810 --> 00:36:46,140 just like different how did different 697 00:36:49,790 --> 00:36:47,820 kind of processes different kind of 698 00:36:52,010 --> 00:36:49,800 chemistry happening here it's that's 699 00:36:54,920 --> 00:36:52,020 actually a limited amount chemistry is 700 00:36:57,710 --> 00:36:54,930 simple no structures are complex and 701 00:37:00,500 --> 00:36:57,720 when you transfer going to biology I 702 00:37:03,670 --> 00:37:00,510 think that you know the chemical space 703 00:37:07,490 --> 00:37:03,680 is vast but you don't structures are 704 00:37:10,550 --> 00:37:07,500 relatively not simple but similar 705 00:37:11,390 --> 00:37:10,560 repetitive does that answer your 706 00:37:12,799 --> 00:37:11,400 question 707 00:37:20,599 --> 00:37:12,809 well yeah there's a lot of ways to 708 00:37:22,770 --> 00:37:20,609 answer it yeah all right then thank you 709 00:37:24,820 --> 00:37:22,780 let's give a ham 710 00:37:36,940 --> 00:37:24,830 [Applause]